PLANT MORPHOLOGY | UPSC, SSC, IBPS, RRB, TNPSC And other states exams

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

Life Science is the branch of science, which is the scientific study of life and organism - microbes, plants, animals, and humans.

Some life sciences focus on the particular type of life. For example, zoology is a study of animals, as well as a study of botanical plants. All other life sciences focus on anatomical, genetics and many forms of life and general aspects.

The biosynthesis of bio-mes is called biology. Biology consists of plants and animals.

It is easy to distinguish living objects and lifeless things. What is the difference between us and the toy? We can walk, eat, see and do many things. But such actions can not be done by a toy, although the above characteristics can not be found in all living things. Because most plants do not displace or eat as we eat. But they can not say that they are alive.

Man sets his life on many living things surrounding him.

All animals, including humans, directly or indirectly depend on the plant for their own diet. Plants prepare their food through photosynthesis. Such an important process is a great act that animals and humans can not do.

The world of planting the world in a separate world that helps other living creatures live. In addition to food, the material for clothing, shelter, oxygen, and therapeutic drugs is the source of the plants. Plants for rainfall, especially forests, are essential.

Biological characteristics:

The cells produced by cells are called living.

E.g. Plants, animals

The non-cellular solids are called lifeless

E.g. Boulder, book.

Insects include plants and animals.

How can distinguish life from living things? Animate contains the following attributes: For all living things

• Need food to live
• Made by me.
• By making breathing, the food becomes energy.
• Growing up to some of his life.
• Causing bruises.
• They survive for some time.
• Reproduce.

But there is no such thing for life.

Various species of plants:

There are different types of plants in the living environment we live in. All plants adapt themselves to their habitat.

The survival area provides food, shelter, and climatic conditions for the survival and reproduction of the plant. We live in this place.

In nature, plants live in different habitats such as water, land, desert, and mountainous terrain.

Worming botanist split the plants into three categories based on water. Lake shore.

1. Aquatic plants
2. Intermediate plants
3. Dry Plants

1. Aquatic plants:

Plants that live in areas of high water, such as pool, pond, lake, river, and ocean, are known as water plants. These are tailored.

a) Single floating aquatic plants:

These are floating on water.

E.g. Sky lotus

b) Rooted floating aquatic plants:

These aquatic plants are rooted in the bottom soil of the pond, but their leaves float on the water.

E.g.  Lily, Lotus.

c) Submerged aquatic plants:

They are drowned in water and rooted in soil.

E.g. Valisneriya.

Aquatic plants adaptations

1. The rhizomes are very poor. In some plants the roots are not fully visible.

2. The stem will have a thick, short, spongy airflow to float in water.

3. The wax coating is found on the surface of the leaves to protect the leaves from dripping.

2. Intermediate Plants:

Plants living in moderate waters are intermediate plants. These plants can not be grown in areas where there is a lot of water or water. Most cultivated plants are intermediate plants.

E.g. Wheat, maize, sunflower, mango, neem.

Intermediate plants adaptations

1. Well-grown vertex.

2. Leaves are often large and wide.

3. Dry Plants:

Dry land Plants are Dry Plants.

These include the ability to sustain the environment, such as water shortages, high temperatures and faster wind conditions.

E.g. Cacti.

Dry land plants adaptations

1. The well-grown vertebrate is used to absorb water from the depths of the soil.

2. The shaft of the casket is thicker and thicker. It makes photosynthesis.

3. To prevent excessive dehydration, the leaves are very narrow and thinner.

Small plants, shrubs, trees

Flowering plants are based on the size and structure of the stem. These include

1. Small plants.

2. Shrubs

3. Trees.

1. Small plants:

• Smaller plants with soft stems are small plants.
• The stem does not develop, but within a meter height.

E.g. Radish, wheat, paddy, sunflower.

2. Shrubs:

• Slim but hard, stemmed medium-sized plants are called bush plants.
• There is no clear center.
• It has many branches in appearance.

E.g. Rose, jasmine, croutons, basil, lemon

3. Trees:

Plants with tall, large, clear, hard stem, stems are called trees. The centerpiece trunk that creates branches and leaves.

E.g. Neem, mango, teak, coconut, bamboo

Arts of the plant:

There are two main packages in all flowering plants. There are two types of bundle floors below the ground and the top floor stack set on the floor.

The rhizomes have major root and many side roots. Stem, stem, and branches of leaves. When the season comes, the flowering powder produces flowers, fruits and seeds.

The root, stem, leaves are called the body organs of the plant. They do not participate in breeding. Flowers, fruits and seeds are called reproductive organs. These are usually involved in breeding.

Roots, stems, leaves, flowers:

Rooting is a plant species that is beneath the ground. These appear from the embryo's spine. This is part of the plant growing up. Sunlight can grow in opposite directions. Not chlorophyll. Node and ankle area. These are not leaves and buds.

There are two types of rhizomes.

1. Taproot Band
2. Adventitous Root Band    

1. Taproot Band

It originates from the embryo's spine and grows up into a higher root or nail. This produces lateral roots of secondary roots and tertiary roots. Most Dicotyledon plants are found in the nursery. 

E.g. Mango, neem, carrots, radish.

2. Adventitous Root Band    

Apart from the sprout, it is the root plant that develops from any other part of the plant. A thin single-sided cluster appears to be the same. They can also be called Rootlet because they look like clusters. This collection is often found in a plant species.

E.g. Rice, grass, Corn, bamboo.

Normal functions of the root

1. Root absorbs water and mineral salts. Conducts these to other parts of the plant.

2. Plant the soil in the soil.

Stem set

Package stack on top of the ground floor The stem grows from the nipple of the nucleus. The stem is the centerpiece of the plant. Growing towards sunlight. The stem is found in the center stem, branch, node, ankle area, leaf, bud, flower and fruit. The young stem is foliage and the mature stem is brown. The tip of the leaf from the stem is called node. The distance between the two successive nodes is called an ankle area. The buds appear on the tip of the stem or in the stem.

Normal function of the stem

1. Bearing: Holds the branch, leaf flower and fruit.

2. Conduct: The water and minerals are transmitted to the ground from the root to the ground and the food from the leaf to other parts of the plant.

Leaf

Leaf is a thin, lush flat lateral shrub of the stem. The three main components of the leaf are leaf, leaf and leaf.

Leaf sheet

A leafy, broad-leaved leaf is called leaflet. The center of the leaflet has a central nerve. Several lateral veins split from both sides.

Leaf steam

The leaf area in the leaf is called leaf. It connects the leaflet to the leaf spot.

Leaf bottom

The leaf portion of the leaf is attached to the stem or branch. The stem is comprised of two small lateral plants. These are called leaf sheep.

Normal tasks of the leaf

1. Food Preparation: Leaves produce food by photosynthesis.

2. Gas exchange: The plants emit carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen. Inserting oxygen in breathing, carbon dioxide emits. This transaction occurs through the small holes in the leaf.

3. Steam flow: Excess water in the leaf is called evaporation to evaporate through the leaf.

Flower

Flower is a reproductive organ that reproduces. It helps with sexually transmitted. After flowering and fertilization, the flower becomes the burden. Flowers are similar to those in the leaves. There are some flowers that are not too thin. E.g. Banana

The flower has four parts. These include:

1) Sepal

2) Petal                              

3) Stamen

4) Carpel

1) Sepal

Typically, the bunches appear on the outer layer of the flowers as the leafy leaf. Protects when the flower is hot.

2) Petal                              

It is a part of a brightly colored flower called a lily magazine. This is the second part of the flower. Ally Magazine is found in many colors, in many forms, in many sizes.

3) Stamen

This is the third part of the flower. This is a flower of the flower. Each pollinator contains a stem and a pie. The stem is called the pollen wire, and the part of the bag is called pollen. In the pollen, male gametes of stamens are formed.

4) Carpel

This is the inner layer of flowers. This is the female part of the flower. There are three parts in a stalk. The outermost part of the ovary is called Stigma, and the center is a long-term Ovary . The bottom of the broader area is called sputum. The zoology is found in sculpture. Girl gems are formed from the suns.

Uses of flowers

• Flowers are a great way to prepare perfumes and pharmaceuticals.

• Flowers are grown in the gardens for its beautiful appearance.

Root, stem, leaf replacements

We saw the normal roots of the root, stem, leaf. Apart from the normal tasks, there are a variety of variables in the structure and shape to make some root, stem, leaves, and additional tasks. These are the alternative varieties.

Replacement of the Taproot Band

1. Storage roots: The primary roots are preserved by the preservation of food. They are three types based on their shape.

(i) Cone shape: The upper part of the root and the gradient in the cone shape gradually to the bottom. E.g. Carrots.

(ii) Fusi shape: The core of the root of the root and the two ends are gradually cut in the form of radiation. E.g. Radish. 

(iii) Bumper shape: The upper part of the root is very wide and the tip is suddenly wavy as long as the tail. E.g. Turnip.

2. Breathing roots:

Plants on swamps in the shore of the beach are buried in saline water. Steep roots grow from the normal roots to the ground. These are called breathing roots. They help in gas exchange.

E.g. Aavilinija (white olayer) is found in Pichavram in Tamil Nadu.

Adventitous Root Band replacement

1. Storage roots:

(i) Root tuber: Some root roots will be stored and stored, without specific form.

E.g. Sugar beet

(ii) Bunch roots: In the bottom of the stem, cotton swamps are clusters.

E.g. Talia.

2. Bearing roots:

(i) Prop roots: The roots appear from the branches of the tree. These plants grow up to the earth and grow in the soil. These are the pillars of the tree, which are slightly thicker than the pillars.

E.g. Banyan.

(ii) Stilt roots: In some plants, the thicker roots emerge from the nodes in the base of the thin layer. These are grown towards the floor and provide additional sources for the plant. These roots are called roots.

E.g. Corn, cane.

3. Parasitism root: 

Some parasitic plants enter roots in the tumor of the Host plant and absorb the food. These are called parasitic roots. E.g. Kaskutta.

4. Epiphytic root: 

Some plants grow in branches of different trees. These are only depending on location and not for food. The roots of these are motionless in the air. Vitamin tissue absorbs the moisture in the air. These roots are called infections. E.g. Vanda (orchid)

Stem Replacement 

In addition to the normal activities of the stem, the stems perform excellent work in some of the plants. In this case, a portion of the stunts has been varying for the entirety. These are called transplanted stems.

1. Under Ground Stem replacement: Some of the stems of plants produce ground stalks. They store food. These are many different types.

(i) The tuber: The tip of the ground floor is called the tuber. Storing more food. 

E.g. Potato

(ii) Rhizome: These are the thickest horizontal ground floor. E.g. Ginger.

2. Sub Aerial stem replacement: They have been replaced for body reproduction. In some plants the stem is weak. They are found on the ground or at the surface of the floor. Stretches from the nodes to the branches, and the roots to the bottom. These are called creeper.

Brushes are two types.

(i) tile stalk-e.g. Grass, pumpkin

(ii) Stolen- e.g. Strawberries

3. Aerial stem replacement: Usually buds grow in branches or flowers. In some plants the buds have been varied to perform certain functions. 

(i) Stem Tendril: In some plants, the angle bud becomes varying. They help catch the source.

E.g. Gourd.

(ii) Thorns: In some plants, the angle bud is different from thorns.

E.g. Dried Flower

(iii) Phylloclade: In some dry soil plants, the leaves have become thorns. The stem turns into a flat leaf and serves the leaf work. It is also known as the Leaf Stem.

E.g. Cacti

Leaf replacement

Some plants have been replaced as leaves are given.

1. Leaf Tendril: In some plants, leaf can be variable as a leaflet that helps to climb into the scarf.

E.g. Peas.

2. Leaf thorns: The leaves are completely thorns in the chapel. This reduces steam flow.

E.g. Cacti

3. Pitcher plant: In some plants the leaf is completely variable to compensate for the nitrogen deficiency and in the shape of the jungle to catch the pest.

E.g. Neppanntas.

4. Bladder: Utricularia has been converted into a bag like a bag to catch some leaf pest.

Types of stems

In the flowering plants, the stems are varied in many ways to perform some special tasks. Plant stems are divided into three large sections, depending on the stem.

1) Reduced stems: In some plants the stem is too small. There is no node and ankle area.

E.g. Radish, carrot, turnip, onion.

2) Erect stems: Several flowering plants have a sterile, long stem stem.

E.g. Bamboo, bamboo, hail, coconut.

3) Weak stem: Slim and smooth stems can not stand straight upright without proof. These are two.

a) Upright Weak stems: This can be a backpack or a climb.

(i) Twiners : A long, thin, scalable, delicate sponge. Growing up with nearby evidence. There is no better element to take over.

E.g. Beans

(ii) Climbers: The stem is strong and can not hold the tank. The stem climbs up the timbers with the helpful elements.

E.g. Pepper, betel

b) Prostrate Weak stems: Its stems are covered throughout the floor. Creeper or tip of the tip of the land.

E.g. Tridox (cut garlic)

Movements of plants

Plants do not move from place to place like animals. But their parts can cause growth movement in accordance with any external factors such as light, water, soil. Therefore, the movement of organisms in the form of triggers in the direction of induction is called synergies.

Tropism:

(i) Phototropism: The photo voltaic is the development of parts of plants against the direction and direction of sunshine.

By stimulating the light, the stem grows towards the direction of light. Therefore, the stem has a positive lighting. Root grows against the direction of light. Therefore, the root is the opposite of the light source.

(ii) Geotropism: The roots will grow in favor of the gravitational direction. It is called the strategy. The roots have direct geostationary. The stem is opposite the geochemical.

(iii) Hydrotropism: Unlike the stems in the parts of the plant, the roots grow into the water. So the root is a straight hydrophobic and the stem has anti-neutrophilicity.

2. Nasting movements:

The nitrogenous plant can respond to touching. The leaves are closed when the plant is touched. The leaves cover the growth of the day. It is the result of bruising inside the plant. It is the shaking of the vibration. These are called hanging movements.