ECONOMIC
REFORMS
Economic reforms of 1991
The year 1991 has a special significance in the Indian economy. Many economic measures were introduced to achieve the objectives of new economic policies of government.
The economic reforms aimed at rapid industrialization. For this, abolition of industrial licensing, allowing foreign investment, encouragement to private sector and coexistence of public sector and private sector were taken by the government.
Because of the economic reforms foreign investment in India is increased many fold. Multi national companies like Nokia, Ford, Hyundai and L&T have made investment in India.
More over small scale industries and cottage industries were allowed to expand by providing them concessions.
Cottage industries are household industries depending on local market and production is of primitive methods. Example: hand looms, Coir industries.
Small scale industries are more or less mini factories. They depend on large scale industries :
Example: Industrial units in and aroundBHEL of Trichy and Ranipet.
The notable aspects of economic reforms are as follows
1. Liberalization.
2. Privatization.
3. Globalization.
1. Liberalization
- Liberalization means movement towards a free market system.
- Liberalization otherwise known as withdrawal of regulation and restrictions for private sectors.
- Private sectors are encouraged to enter into core industries which are reserved for public sector.
2. Privatization
Privatization generally means transforming all economic activities from public sector to private sector. It also refers to the setting up of private units in public utility services.
3. Globalization
Globalization refers the worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade, and communication integration. The finished goods also find a place in the global market. Thus globalization is the linkage of nation’s markets with global markets.
The Ultimate benefits of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India are the sizable increase in foreign exchange reserves.
Science and technology
India occupies a unique position in the fields of nuclear programmes, space research, astronomy and astro physics, oceanography, bio-technology and organic chemistry.
Nuclear power programme
- The importance of nuclear energy to meet the long term energy needs of the country was felt quite early in 1954.
- The primary objective of India's nuclear energy programme is the development and use of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes such as power generation, application in agriculture, medicine and industry.
- The first atomic power station in Trombay was started in the year 1956. At present there are 17 atomic power stations in India.
India is one of the six nations in the world, capable of launching satellites. The Indian space research organization (ISRO) under the department of space is responsible for
research and development in the area of satellite communications and remote sensing.
In the year 1975 the first satellite Aryabhatta was launched. So far in the last 40 years 50 satellites were launched. An Indian mission to moon - Chandrayan 1 was launched in 2008. It discovered presence of water in the moon.
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Our Mangalyaan is the least-expensive space craft and also it reached the Mars in its very first attempt.
Oceanography
The department of ocean development has projects for exploration of marine living and non-living resources and conservation of its environment.
Bio-technology
Through several research and development projects significant developments in the field of agriculture, health care, animal sciences, environment and industry have been achieved. (e.g. oral vaccine for cholera)
Telecommunication
India has the tenth largest telecom network in the world. The network comprises of 77.93 million telephone connections and over 1.79 million public call offices. There are 933 million cellular subscribers in the country and the cellular base is growing at the rate of one million per month.
Information technology
Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information. Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai are the main information technology centers in India.
It earns millions of crores of rupees as foreign exchange. Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Wipro, HCL and Cognizant technologies are the major players in the information technology sector. IT sector provides massive employment opportunities to the Indian youth.
Educational achievement in India
In 2011 census the literacy rate increased to 74.04 percent. The male literacy rate increased to 82.14 percent. The female literacy rate was 65.46 percent. The number of literate persons increased to 778.45 millions in 2011.
Among the states Kerala has the highest literacy rate exceeding 93.9 percent while the lowest literacy rate has been Bihar with 63.8 percent. Literacy rate of Tamilnadu is 80.3 percent.
Primary education
The Indian government takes serious efforts for the enrolment of children up to the age of 14 years. Ithas also banned child labour.
In India 80% of all recognized schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported. Education has been made free and compulsory up to the age of 14 under the Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009.
Because of the quality enhancement programs through the agencies of District primary education programme and Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan enrolment has been enhanced. Now the right to education gives impetus to primary education.
Secondary education
The Secondary education covers children of 14 - 18 years which covers 88.5 million children. A significant feature of India's secondary school system is inclusion of vocational stream at the higher secondary level. Another new feature of secondary education is the implementation of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA).
Higher education
India's higher education system is the third largest in the world after China and the United states. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission. As on 2009, India has 20 central Universities, 215 state Universities, 100 Deemed Universities and 13 institutes which are of national importance. Other institutions include 16000 colleges including exclusive 1800 women colleges.
The emphasis in the tertiary level education lies on science and technology. Some institutions of India such as the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM) have been globally acclaimed for their
standard of education.
The Union and the state governments in India have been earmarking substantial financial outlays for the development of education. The spread of education across different sections of society should be ensured so as to attain economic growth.
Socio-Economic development in India
Tamilnadu stands third among the Indian states in the achievement of socio-economic development.
Education
Primary Education
The primary education in Tamil Nadu had a remarkable expansion during the period of Thiru. K.Kamaraj, the then Chief Minister of Tamilnadu. In the field of primary education, access to primary schools is almost. totally achieved. All the villages and habitations have been provided with a
primary school. To ensure Universal enrollment, universal retention, universal achievement the government provides welfare schemes such as the noon meal and free bus pass.
Under the noon meal scheme food is prepared in every school daily and five eggs per week are served to the students. More over the state collaborates with centrally sponsored scheme Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to achieve the objectives of elementary education for all.
Secondary education
Secondary education serves a bridge between primary and higher education. With the aim of encouraging the students the government distributes free cycles to the Xl Standard Students. Laptop computer were provided to X Std students who get ranks. The government is also providing computer education and vocational education to the students for gainful employments.
The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). scheme is implemented with the central government to promote talent among students to enable them to become socially and economically active citizens.
Teacher Education
There are 30 District Institute of Education and Training to produce efficient teachers and to impart skills in modern teaching techniques.
Higher Education
Tamilnadu is one of the most advanced states in the country in the field of Higher Education. The government makes higher education more accessible to the economically weaker sections and rural students.
The aim of the government is to increase the gross enrollment rate in higher education from the present level of 11.72% to 25% by 2020.
Agriculture
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood for the people of Tamilnadu. The major food crops of Tamilnadu are paddy, cholam, cumbu and ragi. Sugarcane, cotton, sunflower, coconut, cashew, chilli, gingelly and groundnut are the commercial crops. The plantation crops of Tamilnadu are coffee, Tea, cardamom and rubber. Agricultural production in Tamilnadu has increased due to land reforms and improved methods of agriculture.
Industrial development
The Tamilnadu government encourages industrial development. The major industries in Tamilnadu are cement, Textiles, petro chemicals, sugar and information technology.
Electricity
The important power stations in Tamilnadu are listed below:
1. Thermal Power
Thermal power stations are in Ennore, Tuticorin, Mettur, Basin Bridge and Neyveli.
2. Hydel Power
Hydel power stations are in Mettur, Kundah, Periyar Dam, Kothayar Dam, Pykara, Singara and Moyar.
3. Atomic Energy
Atomic power stations are in Kalpakkam and Koodankulam.
4. Wind Energy
It is a non-conventional form of energy. The windmills are situated in Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Tuticorin, Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli.
5. Biomass Energy
This is another kind of non-conventional energy. This kind of electricity is produced in Namakkal and Dhanmapuri Districts.
To cope with the increasing demands 8315 MW Production capacity thermal Stations are being started in Tamilnadu. In a joint venture the National Thermal Power Corporation and Tamilnadu Electricity Board have established a thermal station in Valloor of Thiruvallur District. These will definitely augment the increasing.
Transport
The efficient road system in Tamilnadu is the reason for rapid industrialization. The rail transport has connectivity throughout India. Surveys are conducted to lay new railway lines. Mass rapid transit systems and Chennai metro rail project provides a rail network to Chennai city. There are three major ports in Tamilnadu- Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin. The minor ports are Cuddalore and Nagapattinam. The airports in Tamilnadu are Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, Salem and Tuticorin.
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